uring the mid-nineteenth century, Canada experienced an industrial revolution that changed the lives of many working Canadians. Large new factories opened up, with strict rules and regulations - as well as harsh punishments for those who failed to follow them. New machines replaced some workers and became the masters of others; the work was often dangerous, demanding and badly paid.

The first workers to rebel against these conditions were those with the most influence: the skilled craft workers. Despite strong opposition from employers and governments, these workers formed organizations that promoted their interests while maintaining their independence and traditions.